A few years ago, Father Tomasz Trafny was brainstorming with other Vatican officials about what technologies would shape society, and how the Vatican could have an impact. And it hit them: Adult stem cells, which hold the promise of curing the most difficult diseases, are the technology to watch. "They have not only strong potentiality," says Trafny, "but also they can change our vision of human being[s], and we want to be part of the discussion. "In a rare move, the Vatican decided to collaborate with a private company, NeoStem, to do education and eventually research. The Catholic Church is investing $1 million to form a joint foundation, and next week, scientists from around the world will meet at the Vatican to discuss the future of stem cell therapies. Trafny, who is chairman of the science and faith department at the Pontifical Council for Culture, says they believe there's a superior alternative to embryonic stem cell research.

"We don't see reason why we have to sacrifice human lives, while we have technologies that do the same without harming anyone and without raising any moral difficulties," he says. "What people don't realize is for 30 years, we've been using adult stem cells," says Robin Smith, the chief executive officer of NeoStem. "That's called a bone marrow transplant. Diseases like leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, anemia — this is all part of the standard of care." Smith says that unlike embryonic stem cells — which are still in the early stages of research and are just beginning to be tested to treat diseases — adult stem cells are already working. And she says that while embryonic stem cells were thought to be more versatile — they could become any kind of cell for any organ — recently scientists have been able to make cells that mimic the versatility of embryonic stem cells without destroying an embryo. "Of course adult stem cell research is really important and very promising for the future of medicine," Sean Morrison says.

But not if the Vatican is using its support to undermine research using embryos, which is what he suspects it is doing. Morrison, a leading stem cell researcher at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, says that at this point, scientists don't know which kinds of stem cells are going to lead to breakthroughs and treatments. "But until we do the research, we won't know," he says. "And patients in this country won't take any comfort from the idea that people are trying to close off avenues of research that could potentially help them." Morrison is worried that the Catholic Church will run a misleading campaign against embryonic research. He saw that happen in Michigan, when voters were deciding whether to allow such research. He says the Michigan Catholic Conference used "fear-mongering" tactics in a series of television ads. One raised the specter of "cloning human embryos and killing them for their stem cells" — something that was never considered.